WLWalker L. Shaffer

1. Article · Aug 18, 2026 · ByWalker L. Shaffer, OD

   Interpreting retinal reserve: Biomarkers can personalize proactive retinal care (opens the original)

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   In my previous article, I discussed practical functional tests and systemic biomarkers that can be used to assess retinal reserve. Identifying these biomarkers is only the first step. Their true value lies in how they are interpreted. Traditionally, retinal disease is classified by structural diagnosis. Patients are labeled as having age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy, and management generally follows established disease-specific guidelines. Retinal reserve asks a

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2. Article · Jul 7, 2026 · ByWalker L. Shaffer, OD

   Measuring retinal reserve: Practical framework for functional testing, systemic biomarkers (opens the original)

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   In previous articles, I introduced retinal reserve as a framework for understanding the retina’s ability to maintain function despite underlying stress and dysfunction. If functional decline often precedes visible structural damage, an important clinical question follows: How do we measure retinal reserve before irreversible loss occurs? While OCT remains foundational, I believe the next frontier of proactive retinal care will combine functional testing with targeted systemic biomarkers (Owsley

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